Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution  

The Industrial Revolution established the unity of nature. The term Industrial Revolution refers to the shift from an agrarian, handcraft, labour intensive economy to one dominated by machine manufacture, specialisation of tasks, factories, a free flow of capital and concentration of people in cities. For contemporaries of the Industrial Revolution, the application of machines to human task seemed the most significant change taking place. They thought that technology might alleviate poverty, want and harsh labour. 

But the great revolution in the 18 th century were made by many lesser men banded together. The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760. It forms one of a triad of revolution of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775 and the French Revolution that started in 1789.

Industrial Revolution didn´t started everywhere in the same time and at the same speed however Britain first, because of the effect of the Agriculture Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution social costs were people saw machinery as a threat to their skill, Conditions in the Factories, Building of Slums and their conditions, long working hours and effects of Capitalism.

The Industrial Revolution involved a process from water to steam. The pioneer such process was James Brindley of Straffordshire who started his self made career in 1733 by working at mill wheel machine. Furthermore Brindley was also a pioneer in the art of canal building.

The Steam Engine 

The steam engine can be considered the single most important invention of the entire industrial revolution.It is not clear on who had come up with this invention. Some give the credit to James Watt while others claim that Thomas Newcomen was the original inventor.  However, the idea of using the power of steam to the advantage of human beings has been around practically since the beginning of time.   

    The majority of people will tell you that the steam engine was invented by James Watt, but it is not quite correct. It came from a compilation of work and theories that took centuries to complete. James Watt discovered the steam engine when he observed the lid of a kettle lifting as water boiled. 

Thomas Newcomer 1664-1729 was an ironmonger, He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England near a part of the country noted for its tin mines. He is regarded as a forefather of the Industrial Revolution. He was the first practical device to harness the power of steam to produce mechanical work. Newcomer engines were used throughout Britain and Europe, principally to pump water out of mines. 

The Type writer

The first type writer to ever be invented was called the "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer," and it was produced by the gunmakers E. Remington & Sons in Ilion, NY. It was not a great success, but it founded a worldwide industry, and brought mechanisation to tedious, time-consuming office work.

The idea began at Kleinsteuber's Machine Shop in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the year 1868. A local, named Christopher Latham Sholes spent hours at Kleinstuber's with fellow tinkerers, eager to participate in the Age of Invention to produce devices to improve the lot of Mankind.

Sholes thought of a simple device with a piece of printer's type mounted on a little rod, striking upward to a flat plate holding a piece of carbon paper sandwiched with a piece of stationary. The percussive strike of the type should produce an impression on the paper. Sholes' demonstration model looked like this.

Henry Ford 

 More than any other single individual, Henry Ford was responsible for transforming the automobile from a futile invention into an innovation that extremely shaped the 20th century and continues to affect our lives to this day.

Innovation requires values including self-confidence, being somewhat risky, leadership ability and a sight of the future. Henry Ford was lucky to have all these characteristics, but it took him quite a long time to fully develop all of them.

               

This was the model T 15 million were produced. The difference between the model T and the new Ford models are more efficient more sports and has the tear drop effect, but the still do the same job by get you to destination you wish to go.

The Assembly Line 

An assembly line consists of a number of determined sequences of operations for manufacture of each product component, together with the final product. Each movement of material is made as simple as possible.

An automotive assembly line starts with a bare structure; components are attached successively as the growing cluster moves along a conveyor. Parts are fixed into subassemblies on feeder lines intersecting the main line to deliver body parts, engines, and other assemblies. As the units move past, each worker along the line carries out a specific function. A number of different assemblies are on the line simultaneously, but an intensive detailed system of scheduling and control ensures that the appropriate body type and colour, trim, engine, and optional equipment arrive together to make the desired combinations.

A type  of assembly line is the automated assembly line which consists entirely of machines. Examples of such continuous-process industries include petroleum refining and chemical manufacture. 

However, most products are still assembled by hand. This is due to the fact that many component parts are not easily handled by one simple mechanism. Expensive, inflexible, automatic assembly machines are economical only if run at very high quantities. 

 Today assembly lines are modernised by the use of versatile automatic robots, making them more efficient in terms of speed and quality. Also, nowadays assembly line are considered to be less time consuming and they are now improved with regards health and safety measures.

Jules Chéret 

Jules Chéret was born in Paris to a rather poor but creative family of artisans, hence had a very limited education. At age thirteen, he began a three-year apprenticeship with a lithographer and then his interest in painting led him to take an art course at the École Nationale de Dessin. Like most other artists, Chéret studied the techniques of various artists, past and present, by visiting Paris museums.  

For seven years, he undergone training in lithography in London, where he was strongly influenced by the British.

The Flying Shuttle

The ‘wheeled shuttle’  is a device which greatly accelerated weaving where the shuttle is allowed to carry the weft in order for it to be passed through the warp threads faster and over a greater width of cloth. It was designed for the broad loom, for which it saved labour over the traditional process, needing only one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a second worker was needed to catch the shuttle). 

John Kay always called this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used the name "flying shuttle" due to its continuous speed, especially when a young worker was using it in a narrow loom. 

                                                                               
           

                            

  Referencing :

Kendra Bolon, 2001. The Steam Engines. [online] Available at: <http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Steam/steam.htm>[Accessed 8 November 2013].

Darryl Rehr, 2010. The First Typewriter. [online] Available: <http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/firsttw.html> [Accessed 8 November 2013].

Oakwood Blvd, 2013. Th Henry Ford. [online] Available at: <http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/hf/>.  [Accessed 8 November 2013].

Ford, 2013. Driving you further. [online] Available: <http://fordlux.com/modifications/ford-mustang-will-come-to-europe-with-two-new-motors.html>. [Accessed 8 November 2013].

2011. Assembly Line. [online] Available: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line>.[Accessed 8 November 2013].

GM,Ford and Chrysler, 1999. Cars Direct. [online] Available: <http://pricinginsider.carsdirect.com/2012/02/27/gm-ford-and-chrysler-struggling-to-keep-manufacturing-pace-as-sales-surge/>.[Accessed 8 November 2013].

Unknown, 2013. Jules Cheret. [online] Available: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Chéret>. [Accessed 8 November 2013].

Unknown, 2013. John Kay . [online] Available: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)>. [Accessed 8 November 2013].